![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Satellite-Communication-System.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 Scientific Data<\/span> (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a)\u060c .<\/p>\n \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Communication System<\/span> \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Data<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Telemetry<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Commands<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Communication System \u0645\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 : \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 Uplink \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 Downlink \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 Crosslink \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 FSO<\/span> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 Laser Communications<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0640 Lasercom<\/span> .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 Radio Frequency RF<\/span> . \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 Radio Bands<\/span> \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)<\/span> \u0645\u0646 300 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 40 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632. \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 RF system<\/span> \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Electromagnetic Waves<\/span> \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a Antennas<\/span> . \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 Modulation<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 Channel<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062d\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 Demodulation<\/span> .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 RF Systems \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 Low-Rate Space Communication \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 FSO \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a High-Rate Communication \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 FSO Systems \u0645\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 Modulation \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 Receiving System . \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a FSO \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a RF Links \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 Near-Infrared Bands (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a 1064 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 1550 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a Visible Light \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 Terminals . \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 Bandwidths \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Data Rates \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642 Narrower Beamwidths \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 Communication Terminal \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 RF Communications System \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 Transceiver \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 Radio \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 Amplifier \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a Antenna . \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Command and Data Handling (CDH) Subsystem \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 Modulte \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 Signal . \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 Modulation \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 De-modulation .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 Radio \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\/\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 Coding \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 Channel Coding \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Data Error \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Satellite Transmission Path . \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 Shannon\u2019s Equation \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a Information Capacity \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064a Bandwidth \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 Channel Capacity (\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a) \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 (SNR) \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 Modulation \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 Coding \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 Radios \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 Power Amplification \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 Power Amplifier \u0633\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c RF Output Power \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 Transmit Antenna .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645\/\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 Low Noise Amplifier LNA \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Thermal Noise . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 Bandpass Filter \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 LNA \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 Radio \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 RF Communications \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a Antenna \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 Digital Message \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 RF Carrier Signal \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Communications Subsystem (\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 Transponder \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a Antennas \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Communications \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Commands \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Telemetry \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 RF Communications \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a Antenna \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. <\/p>\n 1- How do satellites communicate?<\/a> \u2013 NASA<\/p>\n 2- 9.0 Communications<\/a> \u2013 NASA \u2013 Web<\/p>\n 3- 9.0 Communications<\/a> \u2013 NASA – PDF<\/p>\n *<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643 *******************************<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n .<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n\u2022 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 Radio Frequency<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 Free Space Optical<\/span><\/h2>\n
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\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a System Architecture<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a Antennas<\/span><\/h2>\n
\n.<\/p>\n\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/h2>\n
\n![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Inst-Sim-Face-ani-small2.gif\")
<\/a>\u0648 ![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Linked-in-Ani1.gif\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/handwave-Yellow.gif\")
<\/p>\n\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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\n\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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