![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Echo-1.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo 1 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Project Echo<\/span> \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Passive Communications Satellite Experiment<\/span> . \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1960 \u0645 \u0648 1964 \u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 Metalized Balloon Satellites<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 Passive Reflectors<\/span> \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0641 Microwave Signals<\/span> . \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 Goldstone<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644 Holmdel<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a New Jersey<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 12 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1960 \u0645. \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 7 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1969 \u0645.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbital Satellites \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Relay Communications \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 Arthur C. Clarke \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u0645. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 Passive Reflecting Way Station \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946 \u0645. \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 Sputnik 1 \u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0645\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbiting Communications Satellites .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1958 \u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 US Air Force \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 John R. Pierce \u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0644 Bell Telephone Laboratories \u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a Passive Satellite Relay \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 Reflective Orbiting Body \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062a\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c William H. Pickering \u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a Polar-Mounted Antenna \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 26 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (85 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 Goldstone Dry Lake \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0641\u064a Mojave Desert . \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1958 \u0645\u060c \u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 Pierce \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0641\u0646\u0631 Rudolf Kompfner \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a Atmospheric Refractive Effects \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 Reflective Balloon Satellites . \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a Transoceanic Communications \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 National Symposium on Extended Range and Space Communication \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 6 \u0648 7 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1958 \u0645.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b JPL \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 United States Army \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Project Echo (\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627) \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0645 22 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1959 \u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 NASA \u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b JPL \u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 Bell Telephone Laboratories \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1959 \u0645.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Project Echo<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo<\/span> \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Aerodynamics<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo<\/span> \u0643\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Project Echo . \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 15 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1960 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1962 \u0645.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Project Echo \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 Goldstone \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 Goldstone Dry Lake \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644 Holmdel \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644 Holmdel \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 Antennas \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a Dish Antenna \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 26 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (85 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Project Echo \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b JPL . \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644 Holmdel \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 Aperture Horn-Reflector Antenna \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0647 6 \u00d7 6 \u0645 (20 \u00d7 20 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627). \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0642 Horn antennas \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 2390 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f Frequency Band \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0644 Holmdel \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 Parabolic Antenna \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647 18 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (59 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631 Pioneer program . \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 960.05 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b JPL \u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u064a Pioneer Lunar Program .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Satellite acquisition and tracking \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a Optical Tracking \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 Broad and Narrow Field Telescopes \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 Television Camera \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0648 Servo Operator \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 Computer System \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a Digital Slave \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 Acquire and Track Echo . \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 Primary Tracking Data \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 NASA Minitrack network \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0633\u0645\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a Antenna-Pointing Commands \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 Continuous-Wave Radar Subsystem . \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo 1 \u060c \u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo 1A \u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 Echo 2) \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 Balloon Satellites \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 30 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (98 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0628\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 Mylar (\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a Polyethylene Terephthalate \u0623\u0648 BoPET) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062c\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a \u062a\u064a \u0634\u062c\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 Gilmore Schjeldahl’s G.T. \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u062c\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 Gilmore Schjeldahl’s G.T. Schjeldahl Company \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f Northfield \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u062a\u0627 Minnesota . \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 Reflector \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 Transceiver \u061b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\/\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 Echo \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 Satelloon” (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646). \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0644\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Satellite Triangulation (\u0623\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0644\u064a\u062b Triangulation).<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 Background<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 Ground Stations<\/span><\/h2>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Spacecraft \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Satelloon-Echo_I_1960.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Book1_ani.gif\")
<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Inst-Sim-Face-ani-small2.gif\")
<\/a>\u0648 ![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Linked-in-Ani1.gif\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/handwave-Yellow.gif\")
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