{"id":4164,"date":"2022-09-27T22:55:54","date_gmt":"2022-09-27T20:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/?p=4164"},"modified":"2022-09-28T07:25:20","modified_gmt":"2022-09-28T05:25:20","slug":"photovoltaic-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/satellites\/photovoltaic-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a What is Photovoltaics \u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Photovoltaics<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a Photoelectric Effect<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644 Edmund Bequerel \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a Photoelectric Effect \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1839 \u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 Albert Einstein \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a Photoelectric Effect \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Photovoltaic PV \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Photovoltaic Module \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0644 Bell Laboratories \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u0645. \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Battery \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Photovoltaic Cell \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Cell . \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Cells \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a Semiconductor \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Silicon \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a Electric Field \u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a Electric Current – \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 Electricity . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a Load \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Cells \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Photovoltaic Module . \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a Modules \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0630\u0648 12 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Module .<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a Modules \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 Array . \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 (dc) Direct-Current (DC) Electricity . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a Series \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a Parallel \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062f Voltage \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 Current \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 PV Devices \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 Single Junction \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 Interface \u060c \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 PV Cell . \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 Single-Junction PV Cell \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 Band Gap \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 Band Gap \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0629 Absorbing Material \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631) \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 Band Gap \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a Junctions \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 “\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a Multijunction” (\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Cascade” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0629 Tandem”). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 Conversion Efficiency \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 Energy Spectrum \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a Multijunction Device \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 Single-Junction Cells \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 Band Gap (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644). \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a Multijunction Cells \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 Gallium Arsenide \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 35 \u066a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a Multijunction Devices \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 Amorphous Silicon \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 Copper Indium Diselenide .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 Top Cell \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 Gallium Indium Phosphide \u060c “\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 Tunnel Junction” \u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 Bottom Cell \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 Gallium Arsenide .<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

1- How do Photovoltaics Work?<\/a> \u2013 NASA – Gil Knier – Aug 6, 2008<\/p>\n

*<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643<\/a>\u0648 <\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

*******************************<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n