![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Attitude-Control001.png\")
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((\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627))…<\/strong><\/p>\n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/ \u0645. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a Abdul-Majid Elgendy .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Control<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Aerospace Vehicle<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a Inertial Frame of Reference<\/span> \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 Celestial Sphere<\/span> \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 Certain Fields<\/span> \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 Vehicle Attitude<\/span> \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 Sensors<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a Actuators<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a Algorithms<\/span> \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC)<\/span> .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f Elevators (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 Moving Flaps \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 Tail \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a) \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 Pitch \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0629 Rudder \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c Yaw \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a Ailerons (\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 Flaps \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629) \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0641\u0629 Roll .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Stabilizing Attitude Control \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin Stabilization \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 Gyroscopic Action \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Propulsion System Thrusters \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin Rate \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin-Stabilized Attitude . \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spinning \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a Thrusters \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 yo-yo de-spin . \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Pioneer 10 \u0648 Pioneer 11 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin-Stabilized Spacecraft .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Three-Axis Stabilization \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Rotation .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 Thrusters \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a Deadband \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 Allowed Attitude Error . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629) Thrusters \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 Mass-Expulsion Control (MEC) Systems \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 Reaction Control Systems (RCS) . \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u0646 Voyager 1 \u0648 Voyager 2 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0643\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2015 \u0645.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Three-Axis Stabilization \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Electrically Powered Reaction Wheels \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645\/\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 Momentum Wheels \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a Wheels . \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 Reaction Wheel \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633. \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f Excess Momentum \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 External Torques \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a Solar Photon Pressure \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 Gravity Gradients \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Torque \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 Computer Control . \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 Momentum Desaturation Maneuvers \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 Momentum Unload Maneuvers . \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a Thrusters \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Torque \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639 Desaturation Maneuvers . \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic Torquers \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639 Desaturation Maneuvers .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin Stabilization \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Three-Axis Stabilization .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin-Stabilized Craft \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u064e\u0645\u0634\u0650\u064a\u0637 Sweeping Motion \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Fields \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a Particles \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a Optical Scanning Instruments \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a De-Spin Antennas \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 Optical Instruments \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Three-Axis Controlled Craft \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 De-Spin \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 Rotating Maneuvers \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a Thrusters \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a Routine Stabilization \u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a Optical Observations \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 Imaging \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 Slowly Rocking Back And Forth \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 Reaction wheels \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f Observations \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 Articulation (\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644). \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u064a\u064a\u062c\u0631 Voyager \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 Galileo \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062d Scan Platforms \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 Mars Orbiters \u060c \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Panels \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 Engine Nozzles \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 Steerable . \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 – \u0623\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 Subsystem \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f Appendages . \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 Articulation . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 AACS) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Position \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 Computer Vision \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Position \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Pose.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 Rotation Matrices \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a Quaternions \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 Euler Angles . \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 Highly-Maneuverable Systems \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 Gimbal lock. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Rotation Matrix \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645 Nine Values \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Rotation Matrix \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 Computational Expense \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Quaternions \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 Gimbal lock \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Rate of Change in Attitude . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a (\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631) \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 Noise \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 Absolute Attitude Sensors .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a Gyroscopes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a Gyroscopes \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 Gyroscope \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 “\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a Ring Laser Gyros” \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u0648\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064b\u0627 Coherent Light \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642. \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 Gyro” \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a Hemispherical Resonator Gyro \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a Crystal Cup \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0623\u0633 (\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 Motion Reference Units MRUs<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 Motion Reference Units \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a Inertial Measurement Unit \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Single- or Multi-Axis Motion Sensors . \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 MEMS . \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Multi-Axis MRUs \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062d\u0631\u062c Roll \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 Pitch \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c Yaw \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 Heave . \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a Sensors \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Position \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 Orientation \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Fields \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 Horizon Sensor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 Horizon Sensor \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 Optical Instrument \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 “\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 Limb” \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 Horizon . \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 Thermal Infrared Sensing \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a Comparative Warmth \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 Cosmic Background \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 orientation \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 Orthogonal Axes . \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 Stellar Observation . \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Earth sensor .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbital Gyrocompass<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 Terrestrial Gyrocompass \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0644 Pendulum \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Earth’s Spin Vector \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 North \u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 Horizon Sensor \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 Gyro \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Orbit Plane . \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 Pitch Measurement \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 Roll Measurement \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c Yaw .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 Sun Sensor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 Sun Sensor \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Cells \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 shades \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 Steerable Telescope \u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Earth Sensor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Earth Sensor \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 Infrared Camera \u061b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 Star Tracker \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Earth Sensors \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 Star Tracker<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 (\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627) \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639 Brightness \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a Spectral Type \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Magnetometer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Magnetometer \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic Field (\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Three-Axis Triad)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic Field Direction . \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Spacecraft Navigational Aid \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 On-Board Guidance Computer \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Ground-Based Guidance Computer . \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a Statically (\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637) \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a Statistical Filter (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 Kalman filter) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Magnetometers) \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 Estimation \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Position (\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Orbit Determination) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude . \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 Terrestrial Vehicles \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Satellite Navigation Systems \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0642 Deep Space Vehicles \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 Static Attitude Estimation Methods \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 Wahba’s Problem (\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 Grace Wahba \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627) . \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a Davenport’s q-method \u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a QUEST \u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f TRIAD \u060c \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 Singular Value Decomposition .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 Kalman Filtering \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 Sequentially Estimate the Attitude \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a Angular Rate . \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Dynamics (\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 Rigid Body Dynamics \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Kinematics) \u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 Non-Linear \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a linear Kalman filter \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Dynamics \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639 Extended Kalman filter \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 Crassidis \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a Markely \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0631 Unscented Kalman Filter UKF \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627). \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 Multiplicative Extended Kalman Filter (MEKF) \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 Multiplicative Formulation \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 Error Quaternion \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a dynamic model replacement \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a Angular Rate \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Rotational Dynamics \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a).<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 Control Algorithms \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a Actuators \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a Proportional Control \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 Complex Nonlinear Estimators \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f Telemetry \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Passive Attitude Control \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c Gravity-Gradient Stabilization \u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 Active Control \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Control Loop \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 Actuator \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a-\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a-\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a proportional\u2013integral\u2013derivative controller (PID controller) \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0631 Vernier Thrusters (\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 Station Keeping \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 System \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Torque \u0643\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 Translation \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 Cycles \u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 Control Valves . \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Fuel Efficiency \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a Specific Impulse \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 (\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645) \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 Torque Impulse \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 Thrusters \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642). \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a Thrusters \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Thruster Systems \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643 Vostok \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a Mercury \u0648 Gemini \u0648Apollo \u0648 Soyuz\u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Space Shuttle .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Auxiliary Attitude Control Systems \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 Ion Thrusters \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Launch Vehicle . \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Spacecraft \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 Solid Rocket Motor \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin Table” \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Control System \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a Final Orbit \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 De-Spun \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin Stabilization \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 Primary Axis of Orientation \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 Pointing \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645 Star Field \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 Rotors \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a Electric Motor \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 Momentum Wheels \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 Momentum Wheels \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 (\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644) \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Magnetic Bearings \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a Single Failure Protection .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 Rotors \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 Gimbals \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 CMG \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a Gyro Spin Axis \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 CMG \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 Gimbals \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 Drive Motors \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 Maximum Torque (\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a Angular Momentum) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 CMG \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645) Momentum Wheel \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 Failure Points . \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 CMGs \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 Dual Failure Tolerance .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Sails \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627) \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude Control \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 Velocity Adjustments . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0645 Control Moments \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a Mariner 10 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Cells \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a Antennas \u0643\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0637 Active Control System \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631 Tidal Force . \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 Restoring Torque \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f Damping \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 Tethers \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645. \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a Coils \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 Permanent Magnets \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic Field \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a (\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a). \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647. \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f “\u0645\u0644\u0641 Coil” \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 Conductive Tether \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a Planetary Magnetic Field . \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a Orbital Decay . \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Earth’s Magnetic Field \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a Radial Field \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 Torques Coupling \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 Field \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 Two-Axis Control \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 Vehicle Reorient \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a Rates .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 Passive Control \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 Gravity Gradient \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 Long Axis (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a Moment of Inertia) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627 camera \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0644 Tether End-For-End .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 Passive System \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic Field \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 Magnet . \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Purely Passive Attitude Control Systems \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 Energy Minima . \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u062e\u0645\u062f Damper \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 Hysteretic Materials \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0632\u062c Viscous Damper . \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c Viscous Damper \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a. \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u062c.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1- Attitude Control<\/a> – Wikipedia<\/p>\n *<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643 *******************************<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a Aircraft Attitude Control<\/span><\/h2>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Spacecraft attitude control<\/span><\/h2>\n
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\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 Types of stabilization<\/span><\/h3>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 Articulation<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a Geometry<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a Sensors<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 Relative Attitude Sensors<\/span><\/h3>\n
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\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 Absolute Attitude Sensors<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Attitude determination<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 Static Attitude Estimation Methods<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 Sequential Estimation Methods<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 Control Algorithms<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a Actuators<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Thrusters<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Spin Stabilization<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645) Momentum Wheels<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 Control Moment Gyros CMG<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Sails<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 Gravity-Gradient Stabilization<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Magnetic Torquers<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 Pure passive Attitude Control<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/h2>\n
![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Inst-Sim-Face-ani-small2.gif\")
<\/a>\u0648 ![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Linked-in-Ani1.gif\")
<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/handwave-Yellow.gif\")
<\/p>\n\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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