{"id":2201,"date":"2021-01-23T06:36:40","date_gmt":"2021-01-23T04:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/?p=2201"},"modified":"2021-01-25T13:25:45","modified_gmt":"2021-01-25T11:25:45","slug":"air-launch-to-orbit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/launch-vehicles\/air-launch-to-orbit\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Air-Launch-to-Orbit"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Air launch to Orbit \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u060c \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 LEO . \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a Air Launches \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 Orbital Payload Insertion \u060c \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Thrust \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Sub-Orbital Spaceflight . \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 Scaled Composites \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 Burt Rutan \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0643\u0633 Ansari X Prize \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 10 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0646 SpaceShipOne \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a White Knight \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a Advantages<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 Propellant \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 Drag . \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0628 Drag Forces \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Thrust \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 Over-Expansion \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f under-expansion \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u061b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 Fixed Nozzle Geometry \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 Lower Ambient Pressure \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 Oxidizer \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 Turbofan .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a Higher-Impulse Fuels \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 Beryllium \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 Fluorine .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Air launch to Orbit \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 Launch on Demand \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a Orbital Inclination \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Launch Pad \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0646 Blockhouse .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 Combination Launch System \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a Rocket Engine \/ \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b Ramjet Engine \/ \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u062a Scramjet Engine .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Air launch to orbit also works well as part of a combination launch system such as a reusable air-launched single stage to skyhook launch vehicle powered by a rocket or rocket\/ramjet\/scramjet engine.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 \ufb6b delta V \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Payload to Fuel Ratio \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 Delta V \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Supersonic Air Launch to Orbit .<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a Criticisms<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Aviation Week and Space Technology \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 Lateral Forces \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 Elon Musk \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0643\u0633 SpaceX \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a):<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“… \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0643 … \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 0.7 \u0623\u0648 0.8 \u0645\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f Expansion Ratio \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 Nozzle \u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 5\u066a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 … \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e Stage . \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0643\u0633 SpaceX \u060c \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 First Stage \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629\u061f \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 … \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Orbital Sciences \u0645\u0639 Pegasus \u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627 Delta Wing \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 Horizontal Velocity \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 Vertical Velocity \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 Net \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 “.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

If you look at what Orbital Sciences did with Pegasus, they have a delta wing to do the turn maneuver but then you’ve got this big wing that’s added a bunch of mass and you’ve able to mostly, but not entirely, convert your horizontal velocity into vertical velocity, or mostly vertical velocity, and the net is really not great.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a Air Launch Systems<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 Operational<\/span><\/h3>\n