{"id":1700,"date":"2020-10-24T07:42:14","date_gmt":"2020-10-24T05:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/?p=1700"},"modified":"2020-10-24T08:14:53","modified_gmt":"2020-10-24T06:14:53","slug":"venus-lander-requirements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/space-probes\/venus-lander-requirements\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Lander \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus Lander Requirements<\/strong><\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 Robotic Exploration Missions<\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644 :<\/p>\n

1) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbital Thermal Environment<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f Mercury<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2) \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a Atmospheric Entry<\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Aeroshells<\/span> \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a Jupiter).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3) \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643 Sulphuric Acid<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4) \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 Descent<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Landing<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 Initial Parachute Phase<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a Terminal Descent<\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e Mars<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5) \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d Surface Operations<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 Passive Thermal Control Systems<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a Packaging<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 Active Thermal-Control Systems<\/span> . \u0645 (1)<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643 Sulphuric Acid<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a 460 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 860 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 90 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 Carbon Dioxide<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064d \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 Radii<\/span> \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 81 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a Solar Nebula<\/span> \u060c (\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Lander<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646 Carl Sagan<\/span> \u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062d\u064a\u0645”. (2)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u0633\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus<\/span> \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar System<\/span> .<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 “\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0643\u064a Akatsuki<\/span>” \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631\/ \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 2015 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627 Venera<\/span>” \u0648”\u0641\u064a\u062c\u0627 Vega<\/span>“- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a Atmosphere<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic Field<\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 Geography<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0647\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Lander<\/span> . \u0641\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Landers<\/span> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Seismology<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628. \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 “\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u064a Venera D<\/a>” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Lander<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 “\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627 13” Venera 13 Lander<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1982 \u0645\u060c \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 127 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. (2)<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\n\n

\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623<\/strong> <\/span>\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/i> \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627-\u062f\u064a Venera-D \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus<\/span> \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 NASA<\/span> \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 Gary Hunter<\/span> \u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b Research Engineer<\/span> \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627: “\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 500 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (932 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a). \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 Insulators<\/span> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 Contacts<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627”.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 Hunter<\/span> \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Silicon<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 Semiconductor<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 300 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 ( 572 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Silicon<\/span> \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 Hunter<\/span> \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Silicon Carbide<\/span> \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus Exploration Analysis Group<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 Hunter<\/span> : “\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0645\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 Pentiums<\/span>“\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbiter<\/span> \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631 Hunter<\/span> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 117 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. (2)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Panels<\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 Power Systems<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062b\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 Timothy Miller<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644 Michael Paul<\/span> \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 Steven Oleson<\/span> \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 Glenn Research Center<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c Stirling Engine<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 “\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 Piston<\/span> \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u00a0 Arm<\/span> . \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f Gotland<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1816 \u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c Robert Stirling<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 “\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 Acta Astronautica<\/span>“. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 Miller<\/span> \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 Helium<\/span> \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 Lithium<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (356 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 Lithium<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 Miller<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 50 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 (110 \u0631\u0637\u0644) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f Single-Piston System<\/span> \u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 Alternator<\/span> \u062c\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 Miller<\/span> \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 Lithium<\/span> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 Miller<\/span> : “\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0628\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629”.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648 \u063a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 Lithium Carbonate<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Lander<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 Combustion System<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f 90 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 Miller<\/span> : “\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639”. (2)<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

1- \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 Venus Technology Plan [May 2014]<\/a> – PDF – NASA .<\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/a> – BBC Future \u2013 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a> .<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

*<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643\"\"<\/a>\u0648\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

***************************************************************<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"handwave-yellow\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0.<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n