{"id":1369,"date":"2020-08-13T13:44:15","date_gmt":"2020-08-13T11:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/?p=1369"},"modified":"2021-08-21T21:51:52","modified_gmt":"2021-08-21T19:51:52","slug":"buran-space-shuttle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/3\/spacecrafts\/buran-space-shuttle\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran Space Shuttle"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 Snowstorm<\/span> .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> : \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> (\u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0623\u0648 “\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f<\/span>” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629”).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 VKK<\/span> \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0623\u0648 “\u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d<\/span>” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 Snowstorm<\/span>) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649 .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 :<\/strong> \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran OK-1.01<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 : \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 “\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627 Molniya<\/span>” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627 NPO Molniya<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1988 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0647\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 “\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a” \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

****<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a (\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 USSR<\/span>) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972 \u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 Richard Nixon<\/span> \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Space Shuttle<\/span> . \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Space Weapons<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 USSR<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a Orbital Lasers<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a Intercontinental Missiles<\/span> . \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a USSR<\/span> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 “\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0633” \u062f\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 “\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u0627<\/a>” \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629: “\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Sputnik<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976 \u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 Space Shuttle<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 Shuttle<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u0625\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f 70 \u2013 80 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648 67 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 3 \u2013 4 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 Shuttle<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062b \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>“. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Sputnik<\/span> \u2013 19 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019 \u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a 7 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1976 \u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u060c \u062f\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641 Dmitry Ustinov<\/span> \u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> . \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 Laser Weapons<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Space Laser<\/span> . \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0631\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 Ronald Reagan<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 Star Wars Program<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a Orbital Shield<\/span> . \u0623\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 Skif module<\/span> \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 Kaskad<\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 KGB<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 Design<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 “\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627 NPO Molniya<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629) \u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1200 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 100 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 230 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u2013 \u0625\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 1286 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648 86 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 18 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e Date<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0639\u0627\u0645 1980 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 Assembly<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1983 \u0645<\/td>\n\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 Fuselage<\/span> \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 NPO Energia<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1984 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a Electrical Testing<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1984 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631 Baikonur<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1986 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a Final Assembly<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a\u0648\u0645 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0625\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a Final Assembly<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a\u0648\u0645 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987 \u0645 – \u064a\u0648\u0645 15 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1988 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a MIK<\/span> .<\/p>\n

Testing in MIK OK<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

19 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u2013 10 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1988 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 Test rollout<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1988 \u0645<\/td>\n\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbital flight (1K1)<\/span> .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627 NPO Molniya<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 NPO Energia<\/span> \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0648\u0634\u0643\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 Expendable Rocket<\/span> \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 Stages<\/span> \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 NASA<\/span> \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 30 \u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0640\u0640 20 \u0637\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 NASA<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 Shuttle<\/span> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976 \u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 12 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981 \u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0649 11 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1982 \u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0641\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643) \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0630\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 30 \u0637\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 25 \u0637\u0646\u0627) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 Take Off<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 Dashboard<\/span> \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 Needle Dials<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 Cockpit<\/span> . \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 Automation<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 Cargo Hold<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 Robotic Arms<\/span> \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 Canadarm<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 Robotic Arms<\/span> \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 Precise Manipulations<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 Security Systems<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Launch Vehicle<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> (\u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0623\u0648 “\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f<\/span>” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629”) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0630\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0630\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Orbital Maneuvering Engines<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 Micro-Propellers<\/span> \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648 Turbo-Reactor<\/span> \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647 Re-Entry<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Fuel Cell<\/span> . \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 .<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 Crew<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0646 4 \u0625\u0644\u0649 8 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 2 \u0625\u0644\u0649 4 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 Safety<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f Dimensions<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 Shapes<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a Thermal Tiles<\/span> \u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 Cockpit<\/span> . \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f Ejection Seats<\/span> \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3 \u0645\u0627\u062e . \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0631 Challenger<\/span> \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 Liquid Propellant Boosters<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u0646 50 \u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 35 \u0643\u0645).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

****<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 Antonov An-225<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0622\u0646 Antonov An-225<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646-225 \u0623\u0648 Antonov An-225<\/span> \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064e \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u064a\u0647 380 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646-225 \u0623\u0648 Antonov An-225 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a 4 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 25 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1985 \u0648 1988 \u0645 \u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u0629 Jet Engines<\/span> . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 Take Off<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Land \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0640 ” \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646” 1600 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f 1300 \u0645\u064a\u0644 (2090 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 Antonov<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u062c\u0648\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Bur<\/span>an \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 Antonov<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 An-124<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u063a 747-400\u060c<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637\u064d \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 32 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u061b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0627 AN-225<\/span> .
\n\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0650\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 Antonov<\/span> \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a 3M-T<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a AN-225<\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 AN-225<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u0645\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 AN-225<\/span> \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989 \u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0640 1.500 \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u0645 \u060c \u0623\u064f\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 AN-225<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0637\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a 124 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0640”\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 Antonov<\/span>“. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 11 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u064e \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 50 \u0637\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.
\n\u0648\u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 Antonov<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 AN-124<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 AN-225<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0631 AN-225<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20 \u0637\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 6700 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a (2019 \u0645)\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 20 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 10 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 10 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR-4<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR-4<\/span> \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c 7 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648 4 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1982 \u0648 1984 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR-5<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR-5<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 1: 8 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> . \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 Bespilotny Orbitalny Raketoplan = Unmanned Oribital Rocket Aircraft<\/span> \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR-5<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0643\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0633 2M-RB5<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0631-5 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1984 \u0648 1988 \u0645 (\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0643-\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 27 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1988 \u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a 210 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 2000 \u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0631 BOR-5<\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Launch<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0643-1K1<\/span> \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0630\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> : \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> (\u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0623\u0648 “\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f”<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629”).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1988 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 3 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0634. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Expendable Energia Rocket<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 Super Heavy-Lift Launch<\/span> Vehicle<\/span> .<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 LOX<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 LOX<\/span>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1987 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 Skif Military Station<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a 80 \u0637\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 Ancillary Systems<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a Scientific Satellite<\/span> . \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a 37 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0632\u062d\u0644 Saturn<\/span> 5 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648 Apollo<\/span> . \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 Central Stage<\/span> . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Thrust<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 Central Stage<\/span> . \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 8 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 Payload<\/span>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 Central Stage<\/span>. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a Off-Center<\/span> \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0648\u0636\u0639 105 \u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 Low Orbit<\/span> . \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 Central Stage<\/span> \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> . \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Launchers<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0640 8 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 172 \u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 Low Orbit<\/span> . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 SpaceX Super Heavy <\/span>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0627\u062a Parachutes<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 12 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 Main Engines<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647 RS-25<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 Central Stage<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 20 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064e \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 “\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u064a” \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” 205 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0647\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 Guinness World Records<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a US Space Shuttle<\/span> . \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1988 \u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 36.37 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (119.3 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627) \u0648\u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 105000 \u0643\u062c\u0645 (231000 \u0631\u0637\u0644). \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 Guinness World Records<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Buran (Snowstorm in Russian) was the Soviet’s answer to the US space shuttle. It was only launched into Earth orbit once on 15 November 1988 before its budget was cut. This two-orbit flight and landing happened completely under computer control, as there were no cosmonauts on board. Of the further two Buran orbiters under construction, neither was completed. The Buran orbiter measured 36.37m long (119.3 ft) and had a mass of 105,000 kg (231,000 lb).<\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>“\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran”<\/span> \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a 30 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\/\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1993 \u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991 \u0645 (\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 16\u060c4 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 \u0645).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0645 14 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018 \u0645 \u2013 RT<\/span> – \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2018 \u0645 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 “\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran”<\/span>\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a “\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0624 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629-\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646” \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627”.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>” \u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0640 100 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0636 Hangar<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 “\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633” \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a 12 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2002 \u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 112 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u062a Boosters<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 Energia<\/span> . \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> . \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 80 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f 12 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2002 \u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 112 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u00a0Buran<\/span><\/strong> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 “\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d.. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643”. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961 \u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621\u060c 21 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2017 – CNN<\/span> – \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646” \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0626 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 2015 \u06482017 \u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 CNN<\/span> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a.”<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 ” \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0649” \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f) \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631” \u0623\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0648 2019″\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0649 (\u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2019 \u0645) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 70 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 “\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0645”. \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 36 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 24 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 16.3 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641 (\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627) – \u062f.\u0628.\u0623 – \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u00bb. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062f Bild<\/span>\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0622\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u00ab\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u00bb. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0633 Alqabas 25<\/span> \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2004 \u0645.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a X<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0644 Spiegel<\/span> \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a GDN<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0643! \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u060c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648 Pico<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0629 Sitra<\/span> (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u064a\u0631 Sakhir<\/span> !).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 [\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>] \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0629 Sitra<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 Pico<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 Khalid Juman<\/span> \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 GDN:<\/span> “\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627 NPO Molniya<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 Buran<\/span>“.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2002 \u0645 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 NPO Molniya<\/span> \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646 NPO<\/span> \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f Thailand<\/span> \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 Hull<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 Wings<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 Tail Section<\/span> – \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/p>\n

*<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643\"\"<\/a>\u0648\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

*******************************<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"handwave-yellow\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0.<\/h3>\n