\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) Pneumatic<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 . \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 (\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) : \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 Strain Gauge <\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 . \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 4 -20 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 .<\/p>\n \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 Strain Gauges<\/span> \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a Metallic Diaphragm<\/span> \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 Strain Gauge<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 Force bar<\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 Strain Gauge<\/span> \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064b . \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 (0- 750 mmH2O<\/span>) \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u064a (0-10000 PSI<\/span>).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Strain Gauges<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Strain gauge sensing uses a metal wire or semiconductor chip to measure changes in pressure (electronic pressure transmitters). A change in pressure causes a change in resistance as the metal When force is applied the overall length of the wire tends to increase while the cross-sectional area decreases (the electrical resistance will increase).<\/p>\n There are many different designs of strain-gauge pressure sensors. The most common designs use a metallic diaphragm to isolate the process fluid and exert a force on a force bar.<\/p>\n This force bar transfers the diaphragm movement to the strain gauge. Whetstone bridges circuits measure the resistance change. The bridge imbalance is converted electronically to a 4-20 mA signal. Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Wide range, 7.5kPa to 1400 Mpa<\/p>\n – Inaccuracy of 0.1%<\/p>\n – Small in size<\/p>\n – Stable devices with fast response<\/p>\n – Most have no moving parts<\/p>\n – Good over-range capability<\/p>\n Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Temperature sensitive<\/p>\n – Thermo elastic strain causes hysteresis<\/p>\n <\/p>\n ****************************<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) : \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u064a Capacitance Sensor<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 High-Frequency Oscillator<\/span> \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 Capacitance<\/span> \u060c \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 .<\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 4-20 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 . \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 80 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a 35 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Capacitance Sensors:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Measure changes in capacitance.<\/p>\n These devices (used in electronic pressure transmitters) operate on the principle that the change in capacitance resulting from the movement of an elastic element is proportional to the pressure applied to the elastic element.<\/p>\n A high-frequency oscillator is controlled by the sensing element.<\/p>\n Changes in pressure deflect the diagram and the resultant change in capacitance changes the oscillator frequency.<\/p>\n The variation in oscillator frequency is converted to a 4-20 mA signal proportional to the pressure.<\/p>\n Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Inaccuracy 0.01 to 0.2%<\/p>\n – Range of 80Pa to 35MPa<\/p>\n – Linearity<\/p>\n – Fast response<\/p>\n Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Temperature sensitive<\/p>\n – Stray capacitance problems<\/p>\n – Vibration<\/p>\n – Limited overpressure capability<\/p>\n – Cost<\/p>\n <\/p>\n **************************<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 Crystal<\/span> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 (\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644) \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a .<\/p>\n \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) : \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a Piezoelectric Sensor \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a Piezoelectric Sensor :<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644) \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 Amplifier<\/span> .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Piezoelectric:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n When pressure is applied to crystals, they are elastically deformed. When a crystal is deformed, an electric charge is generated for only a few seconds.<\/p>\n Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Accuracy 0.075%<\/p>\n – Very high pressure measurement, up to 70MPa<\/p>\n – Small size<\/p>\n – Robust<\/p>\n – Fast response, < 1 nanosecond<\/p>\n – Self-generated signal<\/p>\n Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Dynamic sensing only<\/p>\n – Temperature sensitive<\/p>\n Note:<\/strong><\/span> When using strain gauges any elastic deformation of the measuring body is first converted to a change in strain gauge resistance, so that a Wheatstone bridge circuit electrical output signal can then be generated. This charge is then converted to a proportional output voltage with the aid of an amplifier. The two technologies complement each other perfectly.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n **************************<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0632 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062f Tension<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 .<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (4) : \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632) Resonant-Wire Sensors (Vibrating Wire) \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u00a0 Natural Frequency<\/span>\u00a0 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0632 .<\/p>\n \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/strong> <\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 For more click the following Link<\/span> :<\/p>\n *<\/p>\n \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u060c\u060c\u060c\u060c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vibrating Wire (Resonant-Wire Sensors):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Resonant-wire sensors are used in electronic pressure transmitters. The resonant frequency of a vibrating wire is a function of the length, the square root of the tension, and the mass of the wire. When the length and mass are constant, it can be said that wire’s tension is proportional to pressure then the resonant frequency will be a function of pressure.<\/p>\n It consists of an electronic oscillator circuit which causes a wire to vibrate at its natural frequency when under tension. The vibrating wire is located in a diaphragm. As the pressure changes on the diaphragm so does the tension on the wire which affects the frequency that the wire vibrates or resonates at. These frequency changes are a direct consequence of pressure changes and as such are detected and shown as pressure.<\/p>\n Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Good accuracy and repeatability<\/p>\n – Stable<\/p>\n – Low hysteresis<\/p>\n – High resolution<\/p>\n – Absolute, gauge or differential measurement<\/p>\n Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n – Temperature sensitive<\/p>\n – Affected by shock and vibration<\/p>\n – Non linear<\/p>\n – Physically large<\/p>\n <\/p>\n **************************<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 …..<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 Strain Gauges<\/span><\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Strain-Gauge1.png\")
<\/p>\n
\nis deformed.<\/p>\n
\nStrain gauge pressure sensors can be used for ranges from 0-30 inches H2O (0 -750 mm H2O) to 0 -10,000 psig (0 -66,000 kPa).<\/p>\n\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u064a Capacitance Sensor <\/span><\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Capacitance-Sensor1.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Capacitance-Sensor-Circuit.png\")
<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a Piezoelectric Sensor<\/span><\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Piezoelectric-Sensor.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nBy contrast the basis of the piezoelectric effect is that crystals under compressive loading generate an electric charge that is directly proportional to the force applied.<\/p>\n\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632) Resonant-Wire Sensors (Vibrating Wire)<\/span><\/h4>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Resonant-Wire-Sensor.jpg\")
<\/p>\n\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0632 Vibrating Wire Sensor<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Book1_ani.gif\")
<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Inst-Sim-Face-ani-small2.gif\")
<\/a>\u0623\u0648\u00a0![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Linked-in-Ani1.gif\")
<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n![\"handwave-yellow\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/handwave-Yellow.gif\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Adv-Ani.gif\")
<\/h3>\n