{"id":753,"date":"2017-04-06T21:52:23","date_gmt":"2017-04-06T19:52:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/?p=753"},"modified":"2020-04-14T06:24:48","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T04:24:48","slug":"pressure_principles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/pressure\/pressure_principles\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 Principles of Pressure Measurement"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Mohamed Rezk<\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633&#8221; \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 . \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u062c <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Output Signal<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Pressure<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">P = F\/A<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Gauge Pressure<\/span>\u00a0 \u0648 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Absolute Pressure<\/span> .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-768 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Absolute-Pressure-and-Gauge-Pressure.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Absolute-Pressure-and-Gauge-Pressure.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Absolute-Pressure-and-Gauge-Pressure-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Absolute-Pressure-and-Gauge-Pressure-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (1) : \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Gauge Pressure<\/span>\u00a0 : \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Reference<\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a .<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Absolute Pressure<\/span> : \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a Vacuum\u00a0 (\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u00a0 = \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a + \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gauge Pressure = Absolute Pressure \u2013 Atmospheric pressure<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-755 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Absolute-Pressure-Vs.-Gauge-Pressure-Ani-Ar-en-Large.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"465\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (2) : \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 3. \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Vacuum<\/span> : \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Negative Gauge Pressure<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Total Vacuum<\/span> \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Atmospheric<\/span> .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4. \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Differential Pressure<\/span> : \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Gauge Pressure<\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-756 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/111.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"568\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/111.png 568w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/111-300x218.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) : \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">inch Hg<\/span>\u00a0 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062e\u0637 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Positive Gauge Pressure<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Negative Gauge Pressure<\/span> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Vacuum<\/span> .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">**************<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 :<br \/>\n\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">X<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 Absolute Pressure\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 10 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 X .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a Vacuum\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a .. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 x\u00a0 = \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u00a0 20 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Vacuum<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Vacuum<\/span>\u00a0 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 . \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 = &#8211; 20 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u0626\u0628\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">**********************************<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 . \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 ( \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627) .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 :<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u200c)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Pneumatic\u00a0 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u062c) .<\/p>\n<p>\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a) .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u064a :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">1- \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 Bourdon Tube\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image009-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"378\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (4) : \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 Bourdon Tube <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 :<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><strong>\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 C : <\/strong>\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 C \u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 15 PSI \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1500\u00a0 PSI .<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a<\/strong> : \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 0-200 psi \u0648\u062d\u062a\u064a 0-6000\u00a0\u00a0 psi .<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/strong> : \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 0-10 psi \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 0 &#8211; 100000 psi .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-758 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/internal-spiral-pressure-gauge-image-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/internal-spiral-pressure-gauge-image-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/internal-spiral-pressure-gauge-image.jpg 372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-759 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/C-Bourdon-Gauge.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"286\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 spiral Bourdon Tube<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-760\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Helical-Bourdon-Tube.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"213\" height=\"279\" \/><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (5) : \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Primary measuring elements for the process pressure<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Most pressure sensors translate pressure into physical motion that is in proportion to the applied pressure.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Bourdon Tubes:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It works on a simple principle that a bent tube will change its shape when exposed to variations of internal and external pressure. As pressure is applied internally through the open end, the increased pressure causes the flattened cross section to become more circulars and the shape to straighten. This moves the closed end. (The closed end of the bourdon tube is attached to a mechanical linkage. The linkage is connected to a pointer or other output device), the tube returns to its original form when the pressure is released.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are three common types of bourdon tubes, the C-shape, the spiral, and the helix.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>C-type bourdon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">C-type bourdon tubes are used for ranges as low as 0 &#8211; 15 psig and as high as 0 &#8211; 1500 psig<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Helical bourdon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Helical bourdon tubes are used for ranges as low as 0 &#8211; 200 psig up to 0 &#8211; 6000 psig<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Spiral bourdon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Very sensitive units are manufactured to measure as low as 0 -10 psig. Heavy-duty units can measure up to 0 -100,000 psig.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Due to their robust construction, bourdon are often used in <u>harsh environments<\/u> and <u>high pressures<\/u>, but can also be used for very low pressures; <u>the response time<\/u> however, <u>is slower than the bellows or diaphragm<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Inexpensive<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Wide operating range<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Fast response<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Good sensitivity<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Direct pressure measurement<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Primarily intended for indication only<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Nonlinear transducer, linearized by gear mechanism<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Hysteresis on cycling<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Sensitive to temperature variations<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Limited life when subject to shock and vibration<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062e Bellow\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062e\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Bellow<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Bourdon Tube<\/span> . \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u00a0 (0-125 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">mmH2O<\/span>) .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-761\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellow-Pressure-Element-200x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellow-Pressure-Element-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellow-Pressure-Element.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-762\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellows-Pressure-Sensing-Elements-ar-en-186x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"186\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellows-Pressure-Sensing-Elements-ar-en-186x300.png 186w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellows-Pressure-Sensing-Elements-ar-en.png 276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 186px) 100vw, 186px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (6) : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 Bellow Pressure Element<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-854 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bellows-Working-Principle-Animation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"332\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (7) : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0630\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062e Bellow Pressure Element <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><u>Bellows:<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">A bellows is an expandable (axially flexible) element and is made up of a series of folds which allow expansion.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">When pressure is applied through an opening, the closed end extends axially.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">A bellows sensor can accurately measure much lower pressures than a bourdon tube. Absolute pressure ranges as low as 0 -100 mm Hg and gauge pressure ranges as low as 0 -5 inches H<strong>2 <\/strong>O (0 -125 mm H<strong>2 <\/strong>0) are available.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">3 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642) Diaphragm <\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f . \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"20\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-764\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Diaphragm-Pressure-Element-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Diaphragm-Pressure-Element-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Diaphragm-Pressure-Element.jpg 448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-765\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Diaphragm-Pressure-Element.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"218\" height=\"245\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (8) : \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642) Diaphragm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 : \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Diaphragm<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062e\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Bellow <\/span> \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645\u0627 .<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong><u>Diaphragms:<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">They consist of a thin layer or disk of a material supported on a rigid frame. When pressure is applied to one side of the diaphragm it will deflect. Deflection is proportional to the pressure.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">A wide range of materials can be used for the sensing film, from rubber to plastic for low-pressure devices, silicon for medium pressures, to stainless steel for high pressures.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Diaphragms provide fast acting and accurate pressure indication. However, the movement or stroke is not as large as the bellows.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Provide isolation from process fluid<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Good for low pressure<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Inexpensive<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Wide range<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Reliable and proven<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&#8211; Used to measure gauge, atmospheric and differential pressure<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 &#8230;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #000000;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"15\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/?p=851&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">* Lessons in industrial instrumentation, By Tony R. Kuphaldt<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">* Practical Instrumentation for Automation and Process Control<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">* BASIC INSTRUMENTATION MEASURING DEVICES AND BASIC PID CONTROL<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a &#8230;..<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0641 PDF : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/mix_boks\/principles-of-pressure-bok\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0640\u0646\u0640\u0627<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/mix_boks\/principles-of-pressure-bok\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-491\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Book1_ani.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643<a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Instruments-Simulation-987927711244444\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2022\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Inst-Sim-Face-ani-small2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"72\" \/><\/a>\u0623\u0648\u00a0<a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/inst-simulation-lib-506b21174\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3487\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Linked-in-Ani1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"198\" height=\"59\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>***************************************************************<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-559\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/handwave-Yellow.gif\" alt=\"handwave-yellow\" width=\"125\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/pressure\/effects-of-capillary-tubing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 Effects of Capillary Tubing \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/pressure\/press_thermal_gauge01\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 Thermal Conductivity Gauges<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/pressure\/press_thermal_gauge03\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a Pirani Gauge<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3923 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Adv-Ani.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" \/><\/h3>\n<h3>*<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-559 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/handwave-Yellow.gif\" alt=\"handwave-yellow\" width=\"125\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 Mohamed Rezk \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 &nbsp; \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633&#8221; \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 . \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":755,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[195,28,167],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=753"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4863,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions\/4863"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}