{"id":4737,"date":"2020-01-22T11:00:14","date_gmt":"2020-01-22T09:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/?p=4737"},"modified":"2020-01-22T11:00:14","modified_gmt":"2020-01-22T09:00:14","slug":"robotic-spacecraft","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/space\/robotic-spacecraft\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 Robotic Spacecraft"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 Robotic Spacecraft<\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 Unmanned Spacecraft<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Telerobotic Control<\/span>. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 Space Probe<\/span>. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 Outer Planets<\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Satellites<\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Landers<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0629 Rovers<\/span> .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 History<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a (\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a 22 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1951 \u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 Dezik<\/span> \u0648 Tsygan.<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 \u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a Satellite<\/span> \u060c \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 1 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 215 \u0641\u064a 939 \u0643\u0645 (116 \u0641\u064a 507 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a nmi)<\/span> \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a 4 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1957 \u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a 3 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1957 \u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0646 113 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 (249 \u0631\u0637\u0644) \u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 2 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0627 Laika<\/span>. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 508.3 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 (1\u060c121 \u0631\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0631 Explorer 1<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 193 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1373 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a (357 \u0641\u064a 2543 \u0643\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 31 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1958 \u0645. \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 80.75 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (205.1 \u0633\u0645) \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 6.00 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (15.2 \u0633\u0645) \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 30.8 \u0631\u0637\u0644\u0627 (14.0 \u0643\u062c\u0645) \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0643 1 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 58 \u0633\u0645 (23 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0648 \u062a\u0632\u0646 83.6 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 (184 \u0631\u0637\u0644). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0631 1 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0646 Van Allen Belts<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0643 1 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a 17 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1958 \u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062f Vanguard 1<\/span> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 360 \u0641\u064a 2080 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a (670 \u0641\u064a 3850 \u0643\u0645) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u0645.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Launch Vehicles<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (1965 \u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (1970 \u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (1971 \u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f (1980 \u0645) \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 (1988 \u0645) \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (2009 \u0645) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (2012 \u0645) \u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 (2018 \u0645).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 Design<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 Mission Payload<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 Bus<\/span> (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 Platform<\/span>). \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 Bus<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a Thermal Control<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Electrical Power<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 Attitude Control<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Telemetry<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 Tracking<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 Commanding<\/span>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b JPL<\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 Flight System<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 Subsystems<\/span> . \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem : \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 Structure<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 Mechanical Integrity<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  • \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem : \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Data handling<\/span><\/h3>\n

    \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a Command And Data Subsystem<\/span>. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Command Sequence Storage<\/span> .<\/li>\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Spacecraft Clock<\/span>.<\/li>\n
    • \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 Spacecraft Telemetry<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Spacecraft Health<\/span>).<\/li>\n
    • \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem : \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 Attitude determination and control<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 Attitude<\/span>) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a Magnetic-Field Torques<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a Solar Radiation<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a Aerodynamic Drag<\/span> \u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a Antennas<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 Solar Arrays<\/span>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 Landing on hazardous terrain<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 Entry<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 Descent<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 Position<\/span> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a Real Time<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 Localization<\/span>) \u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631) \u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 (\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631). \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 Localization<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 Localization<\/span> .<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Entry, descent, and landing<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 Integrated Sensing<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 Landmark Localization Techniques<\/span>. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 Integrated Sensing<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 Localization<\/span>). \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631).<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 Telecommunications<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 Telecommunications Subsystem<\/span> \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 Radio Antennas<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 Transmitters<\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 Receivers<\/span>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Ground Stations<\/span> \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Electrical Power<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a Batteries<\/span> \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 Distribution Circuitry<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 Temperature control and protection from the environment<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 Micrometeoroids<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a Orbital Debris<\/span>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a Subsystem :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 Propulsion<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 Thrust<\/span> \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Monopropellant<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Bipropellant<\/span> \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a Ion Propulsion<\/span> \u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a\u0629 Rocket Engines<\/span>. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u060c “\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647”. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Monopropellant Propulsion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Monopropellant Propulsion<\/span> \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 Catalyst<\/span> . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Bipropellant<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Bipropellant<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 Liquid Propellent<\/span>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 Ignition System<\/span> \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f Monopropellant<\/span> : \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a Ion Propulsion System<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a Ion Propulsion System<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 (\u0634\u062d\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a) \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 90,000 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 Momentum<\/span> \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 Mechanical Devices<\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 Deployment<\/span> \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 One-Time Movements<\/span> \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0631\u0629 Pyrotechnic Devices<\/span> .<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 Robotic vs. Unmanned Spacecraft<\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 Robotic Spacecraft<\/span> \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a) \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f (\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a). \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629” \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 Robotic<\/span>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 Control<\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Telemetry<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Remotely Controlled<\/span> \u0623\u0648 \u201cTelerobotic<\/span>\u201d \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Sputnik 1<\/span> \u0648 Explorer 1<\/span> \u2013 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Autonomy<\/span> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a-\u0647\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0632 \u0648 Mars Exploration Rovers<\/span> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Space Probes<\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 Flyby<\/span> \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Orbit<\/span> \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a Interstellar Space<\/span>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 SpaceX<\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 SpaceX<\/span> \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0643\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 SpaceX Dragon<\/span> \u0647\u0648 7.2 \u0645 (23.6 \u0642\u062f\u0645) \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 3.7 \u0645 (12 \u0642\u062f\u0645). \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 6,000 \u0643\u062c\u0645 (13,228 \u0631\u0637\u0644) \u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 3,000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 (6,614 \u0631\u0637\u0644) \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 25 \u0645 ^ 3 (883 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 ^ 3) \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 11 \u0645 ^ 3 (388 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 ^ 3). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0645\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a Space Probe<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 Flyby<\/span> \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 Orbit<\/span> \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0645\u064a Interstellar Space<\/span>.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Robotic Spacecraft Service Vehicles<\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 MDA Space Service Servicing Vehicle<\/span> \u2013 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u0645.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 Mission Extension Vehicle<\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 RCS<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 MDA SIS<\/span> \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u201c\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 Attitude<\/span> \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641\u201d.<\/p>\n

      .<\/p>\n

      \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\/ \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n

      .<\/p>\n

      \u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0641 PDF<\/span> .<\/p>\n

      *<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n

      \u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643\"\"<\/a>\u0648\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

      ***************************************************************<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \"handwave-yellow\"<\/p>\n

      \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u00a0.<\/h3>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n

      *\u00a0\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 Starliner \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      *\u00a0\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 Astronaut Test<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      * \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 Computer Bug on International Space Station<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      * <\/i> \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 International Space Station<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      * <\/i> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 FEDOR<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      *\u00a0\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a Space Rendezvous \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n

      *\u00a0\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 Progress Cargo Ship<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      *\u00a0 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0632 Soyuz \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      *\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 Descent Module<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      *\u00a0 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637\u061f<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

      *\u00a0 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n

      .<\/p>\n

      \"handwave-yellow\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      . \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 Robotic Spacecraft \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 Unmanned Spacecraft \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f Telerobotic Control. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 Space Probe. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3609,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[295],"tags":[93,309],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4737"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4737"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4737\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4740,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4737\/revisions\/4740"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4737"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inst-sim.com\/1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}